Harmonized Global Norm Values for Blood Pressure

Introduction

To create a uniform and easily understandable basis for assessing blood pressure, we have developed a globally harmonized norm value table. Since blood pressure guidelines and target values have sometimes differed and could vary from country to country, confusion often arose regarding when blood pressure is considered normal, elevated, or requiring treatment. Our internationally coordinated table helps categorize blood pressure using uniform categories, providing transparent and reliable guidance for all users.

1. Summary

An overview of global organizations on the topic of blood pressure

Hypertension represents a significant global health issue and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Clear and uniform guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension are essential to support healthcare professionals worldwide in their clinical practice. This report provides a comparative analysis of the latest available guidelines from leading medical societies in North America, Europe, South America, Africa, Asia, as well as Australia and New Zealand for the year 2025. A harmonized overview of blood pressure classifications is presented, highlighting the key differences in the recommended target values for specific patient groups. While there is a general consensus on the basic categories of blood pressure, significant variations are evident in the diagnostic thresholds and treatment goals, reflecting regional differences in population characteristics, healthcare systems, and the evolving clinical evidence. An important trend observed in many guidelines is the advocacy for lower blood pressure targets, particularly in individuals with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and established cardiovascular disease. This development underscores the importance of intensive treatment in these high-risk groups. The diversity of guidelines from different regions and societies indicates a complex landscape that can be confusing for clinicians. This report aims to provide clarity and a foundation for a better understanding of the global differences and similarities in the treatment of hypertension. The tendency of many societies to pursue lower blood pressure targets, especially in high-risk patients, is a crucial aspect that emphasizes the need for early and intensive intervention.

2. Introduction

The global prevalence of hypertension poses a significant threat to public health and contributes substantially to increased morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular events such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and kidney failure ¹. In light of this challenge, numerous medical societies have made significant efforts to develop and disseminate clinical guidelines for the prevention, detection, assessment, and treatment of high blood pressure. These guidelines, based on the latest scientific evidence, serve as important resources for healthcare providers to standardize clinical practice and optimize patient outcomes. This report aims to provide a comprehensive and harmonized overview of the current landscape of global blood pressure norm values for adults in 2025. By examining the latest recommendations from significant medical societies in North America, Europe, South America, Africa, Asia, as well as Australia and New Zealand, this analysis seeks to illuminate both the consensus and the differences in their approaches to defining and treating hypertension. The methodology for this report included a thorough review and synthesis of the latest hypertension guidelines published by key medical organizations within the mentioned geographic regions. It is noteworthy that the continuously evolving evidence base and better understanding of regional health needs lead to ongoing refinement of these guidelines. The inclusion of blood pressure measurement in children and adolescents is also considered an important aspect, especially given the rising rates of obesity in this age group ¹. The continuous updating of guidelines underscores the need for clinicians to stay informed about the latest recommendations and to individualize treatment strategies based on a comprehensive assessment of each patient's individual profile.

3. Harmonized Global Blood Pressure Classifications: A Detailed Analysis

The following table presents a harmonized classification of blood pressure categories in adults, summarized from the guidelines of various international medical societies ¹:

Category	Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)	Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Low	<105	<65
Optimal	105–119	65–79
Normal	120–129	80–84
High-Normal / Elevated	130–139	85–89
Hypertension Stage 1	140–159	90–99
Hypertension Stage 2	160-179	100-109
Hypertension Stage 3	>=180	>=110

Notes:
There are no norm values for low blood pressure. However, we do not want to refer to low values as „Optimal“. Please also note that according to some guidelines, a blood pressure of >=135 and/or >=85 mmHg is considered hypertension in home measurements. For example, the European guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) recommend this threshold as the cutoff for diagnosing hypertension in home blood pressure measurement. The German Hypertension League (DHL) follows this guideline. In Canada, for instance, the guidelines of the Canadian Hypertension Education Program (CHEP) often use a cutoff of 135/85 mmHg for home measurement.

Explanation:
This harmonized table serves as a simplified, general framework for understanding blood pressure categories. However, it is important to emphasize that individual medical societies often use different classification systems with variations in terminology and specific numerical thresholds ¹. For example, the 2017 guideline from the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) in North America redefined hypertension at a lower threshold of ≥130/80 mmHg and introduced the category „Elevated Blood Pressure“ for values between 120–129/<80 mmHg ¹. This change was based on a growing understanding of the increased cardiovascular risk associated with blood pressure values previously considered prehypertensive ¹. Similarly, the 2024 guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) also introduced a category „Elevated Blood Pressure“, defined as 120–139/70–89 mmHg ¹, while maintaining the hypertension threshold at ≥140/90 mmHg ¹. The guidelines from the Japanese Society of Hypertension (JSH) from 2019 use terms such as „High Normal Blood Pressure“ (120–129/<80 mmHg) and „Elevated Blood Pressure“ (130–139/80–89 mmHg) and align their blood pressure thresholds with those of the US guidelines ¹⁸. The focused update of the Korean guidelines from 2018 (Korean Society of Hypertension, KSH) in 2022 provides its own classification system ²³, while the Chinese guidelines from 2024 (Chinese Hypertension League, CHL) continue to use 140/90 mmHg as the diagnostic threshold for hypertension ²⁴. The harmonized table serves as a useful first reference, but a comprehensive understanding requires a detailed examination of the specific guidelines issued by medical societies in different regions. The differing definitions of hypertension by leading medical societies highlight the need for clinicians to be aware of regional differences and to adjust their diagnostic and therapeutic approaches accordingly.

4. Regional and Society-Specific Blood Pressure Guidelines: A Comparative Overview

North America:

The 2017 guideline from the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) defined hypertension as a blood pressure value of ≥130/80 mmHg, a significant change from the previous threshold of 140/90 mmHg ¹. This guideline also eliminated the category „Prehypertension“ and replaced it with „Elevated Blood Pressure“ for systolic values between 120–129 mmHg and diastolic values below 80 mmHg ¹. The recommendations emphasize a risk-based treatment approach and suggest a target blood pressure of <130/80 mmHg for adults with confirmed hypertension and existing cardiovascular disease or a 10-year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) of 10% or higher ¹. AHA and ACC also promote the initiative „Target: BP“ to improve blood pressure control rates ¹. The aggressive approach of AHA/ACC in defining and treating hypertension reflects a strong commitment to early intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk.
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends in its Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes (2024) a target blood pressure of <130/80 mmHg for individuals with diabetes who have a higher cardiovascular risk ³¹. For many other adults with diabetes, a target of <140/90 mmHg is still recommended ³¹. The differentiated target values of the ADA underscore the importance of risk stratification in the treatment of hypertension in diabetics.
The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guideline from 2021 for the treatment of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease (CKD) recommends a target systolic blood pressure of <120 mmHg for most adults with CKD, provided it is tolerated ³⁵. This recommendation reflects a more intensive approach to blood pressure control in this high-risk population. The very low systolic target of KDIGO indicates the high cardiovascular risk and the risk of progression of kidney disease in this patient group.
For hypertension in pregnancy, the 2019 guidelines from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) define hypertension as a blood pressure of ≥140/90 mmHg ²⁷. ACOG recommends keeping blood pressure during pregnancy with antihypertensive treatment below 160/110 mmHg ²⁷. The higher threshold of ACOG for treating hypertension in pregnancy reflects the need to consider fetal perfusion.

Europe:

The 2024 guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) define hypertension as a blood pressure of ≥140/90 mmHg ¹. These guidelines recommend a target systolic blood pressure range of 120–129 mmHg for most adults receiving antihypertensive medications, provided the treatment is well tolerated ¹. The ESC/ESH guidelines also specify age-specific blood pressure targets for older adults ¹. The approach of ESC/ESH is somewhat more conservative than that of AHA/ACC regarding the definition of hypertension, but it still advocates for lower target values.

South America:

The provided material indicates guidelines from the Sociedad Interamericana de Hipertensión (SIH), Sociedad Argentina de Hipertensión Arterial (SAHA) and Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC). However, specific details regarding their latest recommendations on blood pressure classifications and targets are not extensively covered in the provided research ⁵⁸. The Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC) suggests using the blood pressure classification of the Latin American Society of Hypertension (LASH) ⁶². The LASH guidelines from 2017 maintain the classic definition of hypertension at ≥140/90 mmHg ⁶².

Africa:

The Pan-African Society of Cardiology (PASCAR) published a commentary in 2021 on the global hypertension practice guidelines of the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) from 2020 ¹. PASCAR's approach emphasizes resource-stratified recommendations for hypertension management across the continent ⁷¹. PASCAR> proposes a classification that defines hypertension as ≥140/90 mmHg ⁷⁸.
The guidelines of the Southern African Hypertension Society (SAHS) from 2014 define hypertension as a persistently elevated blood pressure in the office of ≥140/90 mmHg ⁷¹. SAHS recommends a universal target of <140/90 mmHg for antihypertensive treatment ⁷¹.

Asia:

The guidelines of the Japanese Society of Hypertension (JSH) from 2019 define hypertension as ≥140/90 mmHg ¹⁸. The recommended target blood pressure in the office is <130/80 mmHg for adults under 75 years and <140/90 mmHg for individuals aged 75 years and older ¹⁸. The JSH guidelines from 2019 largely align with the US guidelines regarding blood pressure thresholds.
The focused update of the Korean guidelines from 2018 (Korean Society of Hypertension, KSH) in 2022 generally recommends a target blood pressure of <140/90 mmHg, with a more intensive target of <130/80 mmHg for high-risk patients ²³. The KSH guidelines differentiate blood pressure targets based on the cardiovascular risk of patients.
The guidelines of the Chinese Hypertension League (CHL) from 2024 maintain the diagnostic threshold for hypertension at 140/90 mmHg, but recommend a target blood pressure of <130/80 mmHg for most individuals, as tolerated ²⁴. The CHL guidelines are moving towards lower target blood pressure values, similar to other regions.
Experts at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Cardiological Society of India (CSI) presented new guidelines for hypertension management in 2024, emphasizing an ideal blood pressure below 120/80 mmHg ⁹⁹. For individuals over 80 years, slightly higher values may be acceptable ⁹⁹. The CSI guidelines seem to aim for a very strict ideal blood pressure.

Australia and New Zealand:

The guidelines of the National Heart Foundation of Australia (NHF) from 2016 define hypertension as a blood pressure in the office of 140/90 mmHg or higher ⁶. They recommend a target of <140/90 mmHg, with lower targets (<120 mmHg systolic) considered appropriate for high-risk groups if well tolerated ⁶. The National Hypertension Taskforce aims to increase blood pressure control rates to 70 % by 2030 ¹⁰².
The 2018 consensus statement from the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ) and the New Zealand Ministry of Health recommends individualizing blood pressure targets based on cardiovascular disease risk ¹. For individuals at high CVD risk, the target is <130/80 mmHg, while for lower risk it is <140/90 mmHg ¹. The guidelines in Australia and New Zealand increasingly emphasize the importance of cardiovascular risk assessment in guiding blood pressure targets.
The 2023 guidelines from the Society of Obstetric Medicine Australia and New Zealand (SOMANZ) define hypertension in pregnancy as ≥140/90 mmHg and recommend a target blood pressure of ≤135/85 mmHg ⁷¹.

5. Blood Pressure Management in Special Patient Groups: A Global Perspective

Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: The guidelines generally recommend a target blood pressure of <140/90 mmHg for most patients with diabetes ³¹. However, many professional societies, including ADA, JSH, KSH, and CSI, suggest a stricter target of <130/80 mmHg for patients at high cardiovascular risk ³¹. Preferred antihypertensives are often ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and thiazide diuretics ¹.
Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): The KDIGO guideline recommends a systolic target blood pressure of <120 mmHg ³⁵, while the ESC/ESH suggests <140/90 mmHg (with <130/80 mmHg if tolerated) ³⁵. Other guidelines, such as JSH, KSH, CHL, NHF, and CSANZ/NZ, also generally recommend target values around <130/80 mmHg ³⁵. ACE inhibitors and ARBs are often preferred ¹.
Older Adults: Blood pressure targets for older adults vary significantly ¹. ESC/ESH recommends <140/80 mmHg for 65- to 79-year-olds and 140150 mmHg systolic for ≥80-year-olds ¹. AHA/ACC suggests <130/80 mmHg, taking frailty into account ¹. JSH targets <140/90 mmHg for ≥75-year-olds ⁵⁸. CSI recommends <135/80 mmHg for those over 80 ⁴. NHF aims for <120 mmHg systolic for ≥75-year-olds, if tolerated ¹⁴².
Pregnant Women: ESC/ESH and CSI recommend a target of <140/90 mmHg ¹. SOMANZ suggests ≤135/85 mmHg ⁷¹. ACOG recommends <160/110 mmHg ¹¹.
Children and Adolescents: AHA defines hypertension as ≥130/80 mmHg for ≥13-year-olds and ≥95th percentile for younger children ¹⁰. ESC uses ≥140/90 mmHg for ≥16-year-olds and ≥95th percentile for younger children ¹⁴. KSH uses ≥140/90 mmHg for ≥17-year-olds and ≥95th percentile for younger ¹⁵⁴. NHF uses ≥120/80 mmHg for ≥13-year-olds and ≥95th percentile for younger ¹⁷.
Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases (CAD, Stroke): In general, a target of <130/80 mmHg is recommended for patients with stroke ¹, coronary artery disease ¹ and heart failure ⁴.

6. Key Differences, Similarities, and New Trends in Global Hypertension Guidelines

A key difference between global guidelines is the threshold for the diagnosis of hypertension, with AHA/ACC advocating a lower threshold of 130/80 mmHg compared to ESC/ESH, JSH, and CHL, which maintain the traditional value of 140/90 mmHg ¹. Despite this difference, there is strong consensus across all guidelines on the fundamental role of lifestyle changes, including dietary modification, regular physical activity, weight management, and smoking cessation, as cornerstones of hypertension management ¹. A notable trend observed in various regions is the increasing adoption of lower blood pressure targets, particularly for individuals identified as high-risk patients for cardiovascular events, such as those with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or a history of stroke or heart attack ¹. This shift is largely attributed to the growing evidence from clinical studies demonstrating the benefits of more intensive blood pressure control in these populations ¹. Furthermore, there is an increasing emphasis on the importance of out-of-office blood pressure measurement, including both home blood pressure monitoring and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, for more accurate diagnosis and effective long-term management of hypertension ¹. Finally, hypertension in specific populations such as children, adolescents, and pregnant women is receiving increasing attention, leading to the development of more specific guidelines for these groups ¹. A new trend is the increasing recommendation of single-pill combination therapies to improve medication adherence ¹. The incorporation of newer technologies such as validated wearable devices for screening and monitoring is emerging as a future direction for more continuous and patient-centered blood pressure management ¹. The differing recommendations for blood pressure targets for older adults and patients with CKD highlight areas where further research and consensus are needed ¹.

7. Recommendations for Clinical Practice and Future Research

Healthcare professionals should be aware of the specific guidelines relevant to their region and patient population ¹. A personalized approach to blood pressure management is recommended, taking into account individual risk factors, comorbidities, and patient preferences ¹. Accurate blood pressure measurement techniques and the role of out-of-office blood pressure measurement should be emphasized ¹. Continuous patient education and support to promote lifestyle changes and medication adherence are essential ¹. Future research directions include studies to further clarify optimal blood pressure targets in specific populations such as very elderly, frail individuals and those with complex comorbidities ¹. Further research is needed to assess the long-term effects of introducing lower diagnostic thresholds for hypertension ¹. Studies to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of newer technologies for blood pressure measurement and treatment are required ¹. Additionally, further investigation of strategies to improve global harmonization of hypertension guidelines is desirable ¹. Additional research is needed to examine the impact of blood pressure management on pregnancy outcomes with lower blood pressure targets ¹. Studies on optimal blood pressure targets in children and adolescents that consider long-term cardiovascular outcomes are also necessary ¹.

8. Conclusion

The global blood pressure guidelines for 2025 present a complex picture that reflects both areas of consensus and significant differences ¹. Adherence to evidence-based clinical guidelines is of utmost importance for the effective management of hypertension and the prevention of its associated cardiovascular complications ¹. Healthcare professionals must recognize the similarities and, more importantly, the nuances and differences between the recommendations of various international medical societies ¹. The application of these global guidelines requires careful consideration of individual patient characteristics, including their age, existing comorbidities, overall cardiovascular risk profile, and the specific context of their regional healthcare environment ¹. As the field of hypertension research continues to evolve, the guidelines are expected to undergo further revisions and updates ¹. Therefore, continuous professional development and a commitment to staying informed about the latest findings are crucial for providing optimal, patient-centered care in the management of this widespread and significant health condition ¹.

9. Appendix

Table 2: Comparison of Blood Pressure Classifications and Treatment Goals of Major Global Guidelines

Guideline	Definition of Hypertension (General Adult Population)	Target Blood Pressure (General Adult Population)	Target Blood Pressure (Diabetics)	Target Blood Pressure (CKD Patients)	Target Blood Pressure (Older Adults)	Target Blood Pressure (Pregnant Women)	Definition of Hypertension (Adolescents 13 Years)	Target Blood Pressure (Patients with CVD)
AHA/ACC (2017)	130/80 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg	140/90 mmHg, Treatment at 160/110 mmHg	130/80 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg
ESC/ESH (2024)	140/90 mmHg	120129 mmHg systolic	<130/80 mmHg	<140/90 mmHg (<130/80 if tolerated)	<140/80 mmHg (6579), 140150 systolic (80)	<140/90 mmHg	140/90 mmHg (16 Years)	<130/80 mmHg
JSH (2019)	140/90 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg (<75 Years), <140/90 mmHg (75 Years)	<130/80 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg (Proteinuria +), <140/90 mmHg (Proteinuria )	<140/90 mmHg (75 Years), <130/80 mmHg (<75 Years if tolerated)	140/90 mmHg	130/80 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg
KSH (2022)	140/90 mmHg	<140/90 mmHg (low-medium risk), <130/80 mmHg (high risk)	<130/80 mmHg (high risk), <140/90 mmHg (low-medium risk)	<130/80 mmHg (with albuminuria), <140/90 mmHg (without albuminuria)	<140/90 mmHg (65 Years)	140/90 mmHg, Treatment at 160/90 mmHg	130/80 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg
CHL (2024)	140/90 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg (if tolerated)	<130/80 mmHg (if tolerated)	<130/80 mmHg (if tolerated)	<150 mmHg systolic (6579), <150 mmHg systolic (80)	140/90 mmHg	140/90 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg (if tolerated)
PASCAR (2021 Comment on ISH 2020)	140/90 mmHg	<140/90 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg	<150/90 mmHg systolic (80 Years)	140/90 mmHg	140/90 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg
SAHS (2014)	140/90 mmHg	<140/90 mmHg	<140/90 mmHg	<140/90 mmHg	140150 mmHg systolic (80 Years if systolic >160)	140/90 mmHg	N/A	<140/90 mmHg
NHF (2016)	140/90 mmHg	<140/90 mmHg (<120 systolic if high risk)	<130/80 mmHg	<120 mmHg systolic	<120 mmHg systolic (75 Years if tolerated)	140/90 mmHg	140/90 mmHg	<120 mmHg systolic
CSANZ/NZ (2018)	140/90 mmHg	<140/90 mmHg (lower risk), <130/80 mmHg (high risk)	<130/80 mmHg (high risk), <140/90 mmHg (lower risk)	<130/80 mmHg (high risk), <140/90 mmHg (lower risk)	<140/90 mmHg (lower risk), Goals individualized for frail/demented patients	140/90 mmHg, Treatment at 160/100 mmHg, Goal 135/85 mmHg	130/80 mmHg	<130/80 mmHg (high risk), <140/90 mmHg (lower risk)

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